Coherent hierarchical learning to defer
How clinical label hierarchies turn deferral into a structured decision—and how we prevent contradictory handovers.
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Blogs
Plain-language introductions to learning to defer, human–AI collaboration, and the ideas behind my publications.
Learning to defer in practice: A retrospective example with real chest X-rays and human annotations
A concrete demonstration of how learning to defer can route individual chest X-ray findings between an AI model and a radiologist.
Start hereBehind the papers
Learning to defer: a map of the field
A reader's guide to a fast-growing literature, from core training frameworks to the practical constraints of human–AI systems.
Read noteWhat the evidence says about human–AI collaboration in healthcare
A scoping review of 140 empirical studies—and why team performance depends on far more than an algorithm's accuracy.
Read noteDeferring to experts the model has never met
Why expert identity can become a shortcut, and how an identity-free architecture adapts from only a small context set.
Read noteGuided deferral with language models
A system that does more than say “ask a human”: it passes uncertain cases on with useful, targeted guidance.
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